The paraxial approximation is used in Gaussian optics and " first-order " ray tracing.
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Gaussian optics applies to systems in which all the optical surfaces are either flat or are portions of a sphere.
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Gaussian optics is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, who showed that an optical system can be characterized by a series of cardinal points, which allow one to calculate its optical properties.
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In 1840, Gauss published his influential " Dioptrische Untersuchungen ", in which he gave the first systematic analysis on the formation of images under a paraxial approximation ( Gaussian optics ).
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"' Gaussian optics "'is a technique in geometrical optics that describes the behaviour of light rays in optical systems by using the paraxial approximation, in which only rays which make small angles with the optical axis of the system are considered.
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